|
Autobiographical memory is a memory system consisting of episodes recollected from an individual's life, based on a combination of episodic (personal experiences and specific objects, people and events experienced at particular time and place) and semantic (general knowledge and facts about the world) memory.〔Williams, H. L., Conway, M. A., & Cohen, G. (2008). Autobiographical memory. In G. Cohen & M. A. Conway (Eds.), Memory in the Real World (3rd ed., pp. 21-90). Hove, UK: Psychology Press.〕 ==Formation== Conway and Pleydell-Pearce (2000) proposed that autobiographical memory is constructed within a self-memory system (SMS), a conceptual model composed of an autobiographical knowledge base and the working self. Autobiographical knowledge base The autobiographical knowledge base contains knowledge of the self, used to provide information on what the self is, what the self was, and what the self can be. This information is categorized into three broad areas: lifetime periods, general events, and event-specific knowledge.〔 ''Lifetime periods'' are composed of general knowledge about a distinguishable and themed time in an individual's life, such as the period you spend at university (university theme), or when you entered the workforce (work theme). Lifetime periods have a distinctive beginning and ending, but they are often fuzzy and overlap.〔 Lifetime periods contain thematic knowledge about the features of that period, such as the activities, relationships, and locations involved, as well as temporal knowledge about the duration of the period.〔 The thematic information in these periods can be used to group them together under broader themes, which can reflect personal attitudes or goals.〔 As an example, a lifetime period with the theme of “when I lost my job” could fall under the broader category of either “when everything went downhill for me" or "minor setbacks in my life." ''General events'' are more specific than lifetime periods and encompass single representations of repeated events or a sequence of related events.〔 General events group into clusters with a common theme, so that when one memory of a general event is recalled, it cues the recall of other related events in memory. These clusters of memories often form around the theme of either achieving or failing to achieve personal goals.〔 Clusters of general events that fall under the category of “first-time” achievements or occasions seem to have a particular vividness, such as the first time kissing a romantic partner, or the first time going to a ball game.〔Robinson, J. A. (1992). First experience memories: Contexts and function in personal histories. In M. A. Conway, D. C. Rubin, H. Spinnler, & W. A. Wager (Eds.), ''Theoretical perspectives on autobiographical memory'' (pp. 223-239). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.〕 These memories of goal-attainment pass on important information about the self, such as how easily a skill can be acquired, or an individual's success and failure rates for certain tasks.〔 ''Event-specific knowledge'' (ESK) is vividly detailed information about individual events, often in the form of visual images and sensory-perceptual features.〔 The high levels of detail in ESK fade very quickly, though certain memories for specific events tend to endure longer. ''Originating events'' (events that mark the beginning of a path towards long-term goals), ''turning points'' (events that re-direct plans from original goals), ''anchoring events'' (events that affirm an individuals beliefs and goals) and ''analogous events'' (past events that direct behaviour in the present) are all event specific memories that will resist memory decay.〔 The sensory-perceptual details held in ESK, though short-lived, are a key component in distinguishing memory for experienced events from imagined events. In the majority of cases, it is found that the more ESK a memory contains, the more likely the recalled event has actually been experienced.〔 Unlike lifetime periods and general events, ESK are not organized in their grouping or recall. Instead, they tend to simply 'pop' into the mind.〔 ESK is also thought to be a summary of the content of episodic memories, which are contained in a separate memory system from the autobiographical knowledge base.〔 This way of thinking could explain the rapid loss of event-specific detail, as the links between episodic memory and the autobiographical knowledge base are likewise quickly lost.〔 These three areas are organised in a hierarchy within the autobiographical knowledge base and together make up the overall life story of an individual.〔 Knowledge stored in lifetime periods contain cues for general events, and knowledge at the level of general events calls upon event-specific knowledge.〔 When a cue evenly activates the autobiographical knowledge base hierarchy, all levels of knowledge become available and an autobiographical memory is formed.〔 When the pattern of activation encompasses episodic memory, then autonoetic consciousness may result.〔 ''Autonoetic consciousness'' or recollective experience is the sense of "mental time travel" that is experienced when recalling autobiographical memories.〔 These recollections consist of a sense of self in the past and some imagery and sensory-perceptual details.〔 Autonoetic consciousness reflects the integration of parts of the autobiographical knowledge base and the working self.〔 Working self The working self, often referred to as just the ‘self’, is a set of active personal goals or self-images organized into goal hierarchies. These personal goals and self-images work together to modify cognition and the resulting behaviour so an individual can operate effectively in the world.〔 The working self is similar to working memory: it acts as a central control process, controlling access to the autobiographical knowledge base.〔 The working self manipulates the cues used to activate the knowledge structure of the autobiographical knowledge base and in this way can control both the encoding and recalling of specific autobiographical memories.〔 The relationship between the working self and the autobiographical knowledge base is reciprocal. While the working self can control the accessibility of autobiographical knowledge, the autobiographical knowledge base constrains the goals and self-images of the working self within who the individual actually is and what they can do.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Autobiographical memory」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|